Robotic hand controller

ABSTRACT

A hand controller for enabling a user to perform an activity and method for controlling a robotic arm is provided. The hand controller includes a bar with a grip and a plurality of motors to provide a force feedback to the user in response to the movement of the plurality of mechanical arms. The method involves receiving input corresponding to the manipulation of a bar and providing a force feedback in response to the movement of the plurality of mechanical arms.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE TO ANY PRIORITY APPLICATIONS

Any and all applications for which a foreign or domestic priority claimis identified in the Application Data Sheet as filed with the presentapplication are hereby incorporated by reference under 37 CFR 1.57.

BACKGROUND Field of the Invention

The invention disclosed here relates in general to a field of roboticinstruments, and more particularly, to a hand controller for a roboticsystem for use in surgery.

Description of the Related Art

With the gradual transition of medical surgery from the conventionalprocess of making a long incision in the patient's body for performing asurgery to the next generation of surgery, i.e. minimal invasive surgery(MIS), continuous research is going on to develop and integrate roboticinstruments in a system which can be used for MIS purposes. Suchintegration can help a surgeon to perform a surgery in an error-freemanner, and at the same time to work in a realistic environment thatgives the surgeon a feel of conventional surgery.

MIS is performed by making small incisions, in the range of 1-3 cm, inthe patient's body and using pencil-sized instruments for the surgery.Most of the available robotic instruments used for MIS include one ormore straight, elongated shafts, hereinafter referred to as roboticarms, which enter into the patient's body through the small incisions.The robotic arms can carry imaging equipment, such as a camera, as wellas pencil-sized surgical instruments, such as forceps and scissors. Thepencil-sized surgical instruments are also known as the end effectors.Further, the robotic arms are controlled from a robotic console whichincludes a robotic hand controller. The robotic hand controller receivesinput from the surgeon and in turn controls the motion of the roboticarm.

In the present state of the art, the robotic console does not include ahaptic interface coupled with the robotic hand controller to provideforce feedback to the surgeon. The human wrist is capable of threedegrees of freedom, whereas the robotic arms provide more than fourdegrees of freedom at the site of surgery. The robotic hand controllercould potentially command action and receive force feedback from therobotic arms. However, in the existing systems the force feedback is notreceived in any of the available degrees of freedom. Due to the absenceof force feedback, the surgeon is forced to rely solely on the visualfeedback received through the robotic console monitors. As a result, thesurgeon does not get a real feel of conventional surgery.

Further, as the surgeon needs to perform various actions such asgrasping and cutting of tissue during the surgery, the absence of forcefeedback makes it difficult to gauge the pressure being applied at thesurgery site and hence, makes it difficult to conduct the surgerysafely. Moreover, the time required for the surgery increases.Additionally, this poses a problem for novice and trainee surgeons asthey might not be able to translate the visual feedback into optimumpressure, thereby leading to complications or serious injury.Furthermore, the time a surgeon spends in order to get trained on theMIS system increases significantly.

Adding to the above, the entire control of articulating and navigatingthe robotic arms, and hence the end effectors, rests in the hands of thesurgeon operating on the robotic console. However, because of theexcessive dependence on visual feedback and the virtual environment ofMIS, a lot of inconvenience is caused to the surgeon leading to fatiguewhich hampers the efficiency of the surgeon.

SUMMARY

In light of the foregoing discussion, there is a need for a simplesystem and method of integrating a robotic hand controller havingmultiple degrees of freedom with force feedback mechanisms in a moreefficient and improved manner. As the entire control of articulating andnavigating the end effector rests in the hand of the surgeon, it isdesirable that the robotic hand controller should provide a virtualenvironment as real as possible so as to reduce the requirement ofvisual judgment and hence, probability of errors. Further, the handcontroller should preferably reduce fatigue and limit the inconveniencecaused to the surgeon due to prolonged use.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The preferred embodiments of the invention will hereinafter be describedin conjunction with the appended drawings provided to illustrate and notto limit the invention, wherein like designations denote like elements,and in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a left side-view of a robotic hand controller, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 illustrates a back-view of a robotic hand controller, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 illustrates a right side-view of a robotic hand controller, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram of the electronic circuitry of therobotic hand controller, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention; and

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for receiving a forcefeedback at the hand controller to perform a medical activity, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

While the preferred embodiments of the invention have been illustratedand described, it will be clear that the invention is not limited tothese embodiments only. Numerous modifications, changes, variations,substitutions and equivalents will be apparent to those skilled in theart without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

In an embodiment, a robotic system for use in a medical activity, namelyMinimal Invasive Surgery (MIS), is described. The system includes aconsole which can be a robotically manipulated console to be worked uponby a surgeon to perform an operation. For the purpose of thisdescription the term “console” and “robotic console” have been usedinterchangeably hereinafter. The robotic console further includes a handcontroller wherein the hand controller is a robotic hand controlleralong with a force feedback or haptic interface. The terms “handcontroller” and “robotic hand controller” are henceforth usedinterchangeably. The hand controller has a bar with a grip which enablesa user, in this case a surgeon, to hold and manipulate it. The hapticinterface connects the robotic system and the surgeon through a sense oftouch, also known as kinesthetic stimulation or force feedback. Theforce feedback is created and transferred to the surgeon using motorscapable of generating counterforces and vibrations.

The robotic hand controller 100 of the present invention can controlhigh precision medical tools/manipulators attached to a mechanical armwherein the mechanical arm can be a robotic arm. The terms “mechanicalarm” and “robotic arm” are henceforth used interchangeably. Such roboticsystems can include a plurality of robotic arms and one or more medicaltools. The medical tools are mounted on the robotic arms preferably atthe distal end of the robotic arms. The medical tools can also bereferred to as end effectors where the end effectors are used to workupon a work piece, in this case a patient, to perform an activity. Theterms “medical tool” and “end effector” are henceforth usedinterchangeably. The mechanical arms assembly comprising a mechanicalarm and a medical tool or end effectors can be used in medical roboticsurgery, endoscope or other medical inspection devices, aerospaceindustry devices, simulator interfaces etc. The medical tools that canbe attached to the robotic arms can be a forceps, scissors, a needledriver, an imaging device or any other type of medical tool or endeffectors already known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. Therobotic arms, already known in the art, are fitted with a plurality ofsensors such as force transducers which can measure forces acting on thearm while performing a surgical procedure. Further, the end effectorsare also fitted with a plurality of force transducers which can senseforces acting on them while performing a surgical procedure. Themeasured forces are converted into signals which are sent to the robotichand controller 100 where they are interpreted by a force feedbackdevice i.e. the haptic feedback interface. A processor, namely aprocessing and control module present in the robotic hand controller100, interprets the signal. Force feedback is produced by a plurality ofmotors based on the received signals. Typically, force feedback iscreated by utilizing a DC motor either directly or indirectly coupled toa position encoder. The encoder output signals are used to determine therotational position of the DC motor shaft, and the electrical supply tothe DC motor is modulated so as to produce a motor torque that opposesthe direction of motion sensed by the encoder. The force feedbackproduced is a replica of the forces acting at the site of the surgery.The robotic arms are capable of operating in a plurality of degrees offreedom. Thus, the robotic hand controller 100 of the present inventionin combination with the robotic arms is able to receive force feedbackin all the available 8 degrees of freedom. The robotic hand controller100 has been designed for multiple operator command environments and formultiple types of users with differing hand sizes, palm sizes, fingersize, grip strengths etc. In such usage, the robotic hand controllerenvironments can range from the hospital operating room to aerospace orto other environments where a high fidelity robotic hand controller isrequired to command a robotic arm. In the instance of robotic surgery,the hand controller is connected and positioned directly under therobotic viewing console in an ergonomic position for the surgeon.Therefore, the surgeon can view the surgical site on the console screenand manipulate the hand controllers simultaneously.

FIG. 1 illustrates a left side-view of a robotic hand controller 100, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2illustrates a back-view of the robotic hand controller, in accordancewith an embodiment of the present invention. Further, FIG. 3 illustratesa right side-view of the robotic hand controller, in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention. The robotic hand controller 100internally features electronic circuitry, sensors and motors in order tooperate and receive force feedback from the plurality of end effectorsof the plurality of robotic arms (not shown). These features aredescribed in more detail with reference to FIG. 4.

The electronic circuitry, sensors and motors used in the presentinvention may be sourced from a variety of different manufacturers andare readily available in different types and configurations alreadyknown to a person of ordinary skill in the art. Further, the electroniccircuitry and sensors are housed in an exoskeleton which isergonomically designed to support the hands of a surgeon. Moreover, therobotic hand controller 100 can receive, as well as send, signals as perthe motion of the plurality of robotic arms and the end effectors withina haptic environment.

Additionally, the robotic hand controller 100 provides the full naturalmotion of the wrists, hands, and fingers in order to have the feel ofconventional surgery. Moreover, the robotic hand controller 100 alsoprovides additional degrees of freedom. The available degrees of freedomwith the robotic hand controller 100 are: motion in the translationalplanes i.e. the X, Y and Z planes of a co-ordinate system readily knownto a person of ordinary skill in the art; movement of the end effectors,i.e. pitch, yaw, roll; a natural open/close action of a surgeon'sfingers leading to the interface of the index finger with the thumb(pinching action); and an activation mode (vibrate). The robotic handcontroller 100 has a bar 101 with a grip 102 for the user to place hishand to operate and control the robotic hand controller 100. Forexhibiting the pinching motion, the robotic hand controller 100 allows anatural placement of the hand on the grip 102 and of the index finger inthe slot 104 of the robotic controller 100, as shown in FIG. 1. The axisof motion for the fingers is displaced to the right of the central axis106 (i.e., behind the plane of FIG. 1) due to the placement of elements104 and 108 for yaw motion of the robotic hand controller 100. Thisplacement provides a natural interface between the thumb resting on thebar and the index finger present in the slot 104 to provide effortlesspinching motion.

In an embodiment, the robotic hand controller 100 can allow for aflexible adjustment of the index finger ring 104 based on the indexfinger cross section and length of the user hand. In an embodiment, amultiple number of interchangeable index finger rings (not shown in thefigures) can be used for this purpose. The index finger rings canbesotted into the robotic hand controller 100 structure. Additionally, aslider structure 108, with multiple notches can allow finger lengthadjustment to the surgeon.

The robotic hand controller 100 can provide force feedback to thesurgeon in all the available eight degrees of freedom (8DOF), asdescribed above, when operated in conjunction with a commercial off theshelf (COTS) device. The COTS device is either a robotic arm or a totalMIS set-up where the improved robotic hand controller 100 of the presentinvention replaces the existing hand controller. The available forcefeedback in all the 8DOF from the robotic hand controller 100 improvesthe control of the robotic arms in all the available degrees of freedom.Also, the force feedback can be received at the slot 104, taking thevirtual surgery environment closer to an open conventional surgery.Further, by altering the type, rating, housing, or location of the indexfinger force transducer (not shown) provided for feedback control, thefinger command fidelity can be modified as required in slot 104. Theforce transducer used in the present invention is an elastomer-basedcomposite material type sensor manufactured and supplied by CUI Inc. anddescribed under U.S. Pat. No. 6,558,577 B1. Other types of forcetransducers may be utilized including piezo-resistive elements,resistive strain gauges, load cells, and other types already known to aperson of ordinary skill in the art.

The vibration motion or force feedback assists the surgeon toeffectively interpolate the pressure being applied by him at the surgerysite while performing various actions such as grasping and cutting oftissue. The availability of force feedback in the form of vibrationalmotion to the surgeon can be varied by changing the type, rating,housing, or focus location of the motor being used for producingvibrations. This adjustment will help to match the surgeon's preferenceor particular environment of usage. As different surgeons might havedifferent sensory perception levels, the vibrational motion generator orthe vibration motor, hereinafter used interchangeably, used in therobotic hand controller 100 can be adjusted to produce the optimumamount of vibration motion or force feedback. The vibrational motiongenerator or the vibration motor used in the present invention is a flattype vibration motor sourced through Solar Robotics(www.solarbotics.com). The details of the vibrational motion generatoror the vibration motor are described below. Other types of vibrationalmotion generators may be utilized, include piezo-electronic buzzersand/or electro-acoustic flexure discs, and any other types already knownto a person of ordinary skill in the art. Further, the haptic forcefeedback can be improved by providing precise and specialized texturaleffects at the robotic hand controller 100 in the form of a tactileforce feedback. The tactile force feedback is produced by using acomputer software program.

In an embodiment, the robotic hand controller 100 can contain handpresence sensors 111 as shown in FIG. 2 or in general a position sensingdevice, to detect the presence of the hands on the exoskeleton of therobotic hand controller 100. The hand presence sensors 111 can furtherprovide an active or hands-on mode and a shutdown or hands-off mode ofthe robotic hand controller 100. This can enable the movement of theplurality of the robotic arms when the surgeon takes control of therobotic hand controller 100 with his hands on the grip 102 of therobotic hand controller 100. Further, this can ensure that a mere touchor an accidental push, without the hands on the grip 102, will nottranslate into movement of the plurality of robotic arms. This can avoidoccurrence of accidental damage to a patient due to unwanted oraccidental movement of the plurality of robotic arms. The hand presencesensor used in the present invention is a reflective type Photo microsensor, part no. EE-SY410 manufactured by Omron. Other types of handpresence and positional sensors or position sensing devices includecapacitive touch sensors, thermal sensors, strain gauges, load cells,e-field sensors, piezo-resistive sensing elements, pressure pads and anyother types already known to a person of ordinary skill in the art.

In various embodiments, the robotic hand controller 100 can include anactuator button 303, as shown in FIG. 3, to perform various actions,such as pinching, grasping and cutting. In another embodiment, therobotic hand controller 100 can further include a clutch mechanism inthe form of a clutch button 103, 110 as shown in FIG. 1, to allow thesurgeon tore-center the robotic hand controller 100 into an ergonomicposition without moving the plurality of robotic arms. The clutchingmechanism can be performed by using an infrared beam break, opticalpresence and e-field sensing techniques or any other type of techniquealready known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. This will avoidinconvenience as well as fatigue to the surgeon. In yet anotherembodiment, the robotic hand controller 100 can have an end effectorchange button 302 as shown in FIG. 3. In a conventional surgical processthe surgeon uses a variety of surgical devices to perform variousoperations like cutting, grasping, and pinching. To perform similaroperations in an MIS set up, a plurality of robotic arms is providedwith different end effectors attached to them. The end effector changebutton 302 upon actuation helps to switch among the plurality of roboticarms and to engage the required robotic arm for performing the desiredoperation. In various embodiments, the clutch button 103 or end effectorchange button 302 can have different sizes, positions, etc. based on thephysical characteristics and convenience of the surgeon.

Furthermore, in an embodiment, the design of the robotic hand controller100 can allow for an ambidextrous operation as the hand grip 102 isdesigned to be held with ease by both left and right handed surgeons. Inanother embodiment, the robotic hand controller 100 can have anergonomic design to allow comfortable operation by one or more surgeonshaving different hand characteristics, such as palm size, finger size,grip strengths etc. This ergonomic design of the structure of therobotic hand controller 100 helps to prevent operator or user fatigueand increase usage convenience.

Further, the robotic hand controller 100 can be connected to anycommercial off the shelf (COTS) device in order to provide it with thetranslational planes (x, y, z) of force feedback. Since a system is madeup of numerous components and continuous R&D leads to newer and upgradedsystem components, using COTS components does away with the need of anover-all system development. Thus, whenever, an improved version of acomponent is readily available in the market, the component can bedirectly embedded into the overall system. Similarly, in the presentinvention, the robotic hand controller 100 can be integrated with thereadily available robotic consoles for MIS. Moreover, this serves a dualpurpose as it saves time for developing a fitting robotic handcontroller for the developed robotic consoles or vice-versa.

FIG. 4 shows a block diagram 400 of the electronic circuitry of therobotic hand controller 100 connected with the mechanical arm assemblyin accordance with an embodiment. The block diagram 401 of the robotichand controller 100 houses the electronic circuitry of the forcefeedback device as shown in the block 402. A communication module,namely a Communications Interface Module 404, includes associatedelectronic circuitry that is used to send and receive force, status andcontrol commands to and from the mechanical arm assembly 406. Themechanical arm assembly further comprises a mechanical arm 406 a and amedical tool 406 b. Further, the mechanical arm 406 a and the medicaltool 406 b each include a sensor 406 c where the sensor can be a forcesensor or a force transducer as mentioned above. The force sensor 406 csenses the force acting on the mechanical arm 406 a and the medical tool406 b and sends the signal corresponding to the force sensed to theCommunication Interface Module 404. In one embodiment, theCommunications Interface Module 404 may be hardwired to the mechanicalarm assembly 406 and transfer command messages using CAN bus, USB,RS-232/485, Firewire, DSL, Ethernet or other standard and non-standardphysical layers well known to those skilled in the art. In yet anotherembodiment, the Communications Interface Module 404 may be connectedwirelessly to the mechanical arm assembly 406 using either an optical orRF based transceiver. Such a wireless transceiver may use standardSONET, SDH, Zigbee, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth or other standard and non-standardphysical layers well known to those skilled in the art. TheCommunications Interface Module 404 interprets the force, status andcontrol commands and transfers information to and from the Processingand Control Module 408. A microprocessor in the Processing and ControlModule 408 receives the force, status and control command informationfrom the Communications Interface Module 404 and generates theappropriate command signals for the Motor Drive Module 410. The MotorDrive Module 410 measures the positional information generated by theMotor Encoders 412 signals, and controls the electrical excitation tothe plurality of vibration motors 416 shown in the block 414 of theblock 401, thereby generating a desired level of haptics feedback forcealong the various axes of hand and digit motion. The haptics feedback isgenerated by the plurality of vibration motors 416 shown in the block414 where the motors 416 are the vibrational motion generators or thevibration motors mentioned above. These motors are also referred to as“actuators”. The Motor Encoders 412 signals are also read by theProcessing and Control Module 408 where they are used to generatecontrol commands that are sent to the mechanical arm assembly 406 viathe Communications Interface Module 404. The Status Indication Module418 receives status information from the Processing and Control Module408 and activates a plurality of status indication means, including butnot limited to LEDs, audible buzzer and/or an LCD display. The StatusIndication Module 418 also controls the output of auxiliary hapticsfeedback devices integrated into the block 401, including but notlimited to vibration motors, piezo-electronic buzzers and/orelectro-acoustic flexure discs. Additional haptics feedback informationis measured in the block 401 through the Sensing Module 420. Electricalsignals from a plurality of force and positional presence sensors may beinterfaced to the Sensing Module 420 to generate force and statusinformation that is sent to and interpreted by the Processing andControl Module 408. This force and status information is in turntransferred by the Processing and Control Module 408 to the mechanicalarm assembly 406 via the Communications Interface Module 404.

One embodiment of the present invention houses all of the modules whichare part of the electronic circuitry of the robotic hand controller 100illustrated in FIG. 4 within the block 401. Another embodiment of thepresent invention would house the Communications Interface Module 404externally to the block 401. Yet another embodiment of the presentinvention would house both the Communications Interface Module 404 andthe Processing and Control Module 408 externally to the block 401. Stillanother embodiment of the present invention would house theCommunications Interface Module 404, the Processing and Control Module408, and the Motor Drive Module 410 externally to the block 401. All themodules mentioned in the block diagram 400 are part of the electroniccircuitry of the robotic hand controller 100 except for the mechanicalarm assembly 406. These modules are electronic circuits which preferablyhave software programs embedded into them.

Further, in an embodiment of the present invention the signal from theindex finger force transducer is received at the Sensing Module 420 ofthe block 401 to calculate the additional haptics information. Inanother embodiment of the present invention the signal from the indexfinger force transducer is received at the Status Indication Module 418of the block 401 to calculate the additional haptics information. In yetanother embodiment of the present invention the signal from the indexfinger force transducer is received at the Processing and Control Module408 of the block 401 to calculate the additional haptics information. Inyet another embodiment of the present invention the signal from theindex finger force transducer is received at the Sensing Module 420 orthe Status Indication Module 418 or the Processing and Control Module408 present externally to the block 401 to calculate the additionalhaptics information.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram 500 illustrating a method for receiving a forcefeedback at the hand controller 100 to perform a medical activity, thecomponents of which have been described in FIG. 1, FIG. 2, FIG. 3 andFIG. 4. The method starts at 502. At 504, the method is describedwherein the force feedback device receives a signal based on the forcesensed by a plurality of mechanical arms, the plurality of mechanicalarms configured to move in one or more of at least eight degrees offreedom, as described in FIG. 1. Thereafter at 506, force feedback isgenerated at the hand controller 100 based on the signal received by theforce feedback device from the force sensed by the mechanical arms, theforce feedback being generated in one or more of the at least eightdegrees of freedom. At 508, the force feedback generated at the handcontroller enables a user, generally a surgeon, to operate the handcontroller to perform a medical activity as described in FIG. 1. Themethod ends at 510.

Various embodiments of the present invention offer one or moreadvantages. The present invention provides a system and method forintegrating the robotic hand controller 100, preferably having 8DOF,with force feedback mechanisms in all available degrees of freedom.Further, the combination of haptic and visual feedback in all thedegrees of freedom provides the surgeon with a multi-sensory interfacewhich helps in improving the accuracy and consistency of the surgicalprocedure.

What is claimed is:
 1. A hand controller for controlling an end-effectorof a surgical tool in a robotic surgical system, comprising: a contouredsupport bar configured to receive a user's hand thereon so that a thumbof the user's hand extends over a medial side of the support bar, anindex finger of the user's hand extends relative to a lateral side ofthe support bar, and a palm of the user's hand between the thumb andindex finger extends about a contoured rear surface of the support barthat joins the medial and lateral sides of the support bar; and a levermovably coupled to the lateral side of the support bar, the lever havinga ring configured to receive at least a portion of the index finger,wherein the lever is configured to be moved toward the support bar bythe index finger and relative to the thumb to simulate a pinching motionto effect a pinching, grasping or cutting operation with the surgicaltool.
 2. The hand controller of claim 1, further comprising a clutchactuator disposed on or in the support bar, the clutch actuatorselectively actuatable by the user to enable movement of the handcontroller without corresponding movement of the surgical tool.
 3. Thehand controller of claim 1, further comprising a control button on themedial side of the support bar and configured to be actuated by thethumb of the user's hand.
 4. The hand controller of claim 1, furthercomprising one or more sensors configured to sense a presence of atleast a portion of the user's hand.
 5. The hand controller of claim 1,further comprising one or more force feedback actuators configured toprovide force feedback to the user.
 6. The hand controller of claim 5,wherein the one or more force feedback actuators provide a tactile forcefeedback configured to convey a textural effect.
 7. The hand controllerof claim 5, wherein the one or more force feedback actuators provideforce feedback to the user via the lever.
 8. The hand controller ofclaim 5, wherein the one or more force feedback actuators are vibrationmotors that provide vibration feedback to the user.
 9. The handcontroller of claim 8, wherein the one or more vibration motors areoperable to provide a vibration sufficient to allow the user tointerpolate a pressure being applied by an end-effector operated by thehand controller.
 10. The hand controller of claim 1, further comprisinga button actuatable to switch association of the hand controller betweendifferent robotic arms of the robotic surgical system.
 11. A handcontroller for controlling an end-effector of a surgical tool in arobotic surgical system, comprising: a contoured support bar configuredto receive a user's hand thereon so that a thumb of the user's handextends over a medial side of the support bar, an index finger of theuser's hand extends relative to a lateral side of the support bar, and apalm of the user's hand between the thumb and index finger extends abouta contoured rear surface of the support bar that joins the medial andlateral sides of the support bar; and an elongate lever pivotallycoupled to the lateral side of the support bar, the elongate leverhaving a ring configured to receive at least a portion of the indexfinger, wherein the elongate lever is configured to be pivoted towardthe support bar by the index finger and relative to the thumb tosimulate a pinching motion to effect a pinching, grasping or cuttingoperation with the surgical tool.
 12. The hand controller of claim 11,further comprising a clutch actuator disposed on or in the support bar,the clutch actuator selectively actuatable by the user to enablemovement of the hand controller without corresponding movement of thesurgical tool.
 13. The hand controller of claim 11, further comprising acontrol button on the medial side of the support bar and configured tobe actuated by the thumb of the user's hand.
 14. The hand controller ofclaim 11, further comprising one or more sensors configured to sense apresence of at least a portion of the user's hand.
 15. The handcontroller of claim 11, further comprising one or more force feedbackactuators configured to provide force feedback to the user.
 16. The handcontroller of claim 15, wherein the one or more force feedback actuatorsprovide a tactile force feedback configured to convey a textural effect.17. The hand controller of claim 16, wherein the one or more forcefeedback actuators provide force feedback to the user via the elongatelever.
 18. The hand controller of claim 16, wherein the one or moreforce feedback actuators are vibration motors that provide vibrationfeedback to the user.
 19. The hand controller of claim 18, wherein theone or more vibration motors are operable to provide a vibrationsufficient to allow the user to interpolate a pressure being applied byan end-effector operated by the hand controller.
 20. The hand controllerof claim 11, further comprising a button actuatable to switchassociation of the hand controller between different robotic arms of therobotic surgical system.